Purpose of review: Stress plays a central role in the onset and course of depression. However, only a subset of people who encounter stressful life events go on to experience a depressive episode. The current review highlights recent advances in understanding when, why, and for whom the stress-depression link occurs, and we identify avenues for future research.

Recent findings: In the last 18 months, researchers have taken a more nuanced perspective on the biopsychosocial mechanisms critical to the stress-depression link. For example, examination of specific facets of emotion regulation, including emotion regulation flexibility and interpersonal emotion regulation, has been critical to understanding its role in depression. Similarly, refined investigations of social support allowed researchers to identify distinct - and occasionally opposite - outcomes depending on the context or manner in which the support was provided. Researchers also documented that the stress-depression link was enhanced by dysregulation of several stress-sensitive biological systems, such as the immune system, microbiome, endocrine system, and neuroanatomical substrates.

Summary: Recent studies highlight the importance of adopting a nuanced understanding of mechanisms and moderators that explain the stress-depression link. We also encourage continued engagement in collaborative, open science that uses multiple methods to study the full breadth of human diversity.

Objective: This review aimed to (1) summarize the existing literature regarding cognitive outcomes in adults with a history of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and (2) identify gaps in the literature to provide directions for future research.

Participants: Participants sustained mTBI in childhood (0-17 years of age) and underwent cognitive assessment in adulthood (older than 18 years) at least 1 year postinjury.

Design: MEDLINE Ovid and PsycINFO Ovid databases were searched to identify original research studies that examined adult cognitive outcomes after childhood mTBI.

Main Measures: Cognitive outcome measures assessed memory, attention, visuospatial abilities, processing speed, comprehension, reasoning, intellectual functioning, and executive functioning. Outcome measures ranged from self-reported cognitive symptoms to objective testing.

Results: A total of 4216 articles were screened, leading to the inclusion of 6 published studies for review (3 prospective cohort and 3 retrospective cohort), with 131 537 participants (mTBI = 6724; controls = 123 823). Review of the included articles suggests that adults with a history of childhood mTBI perform within the average range expected for adult cognitive functioning, although they may perform more poorly than non-head-injured comparison groups on a variety of cognitive measures. Injury-related factors, such as requiring electroencephalography within 24 hours of injury and posttraumatic amnesia lasting longer than 30 minutes, may be associated with variability in adult cognitive outcomes.

Conclusion: The weight of the available evidence suggests that childhood mTBI does not have a significant impact on adult cognitive functioning. However, further research is needed to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term cognitive outcomes of childhood mTBI and to identify predictors of those outcomes in adulthood.

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by disruption of dopamine-producing cells. PD is associated with motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms including depression and cognitive impairment. Past research suggests an association between depression and cognitive impairment in PD. Physical activity may have a therapeutic effect on both depression and cognitive impairment. The present study investigates if physical activity mediates the association between depressive symptoms and cognition in a longitudinal sample of individuals with PD. Method: Participants include individuals newly diagnosed with PD (N = 487) enrolled in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Participants completed an array of neuropsychological tests over the course of 5 years, as well as questionnaires of depression and physical activity. Between-person and within-person effects of depression and cognition mediated through physical activity were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: A significant direct effect demonstrated depression was associated with worse global cognitive functioning. Furthermore, there was a significant indirect within-person effect, indicating that physical activity fully mediated the association between depression and cognition. Individuals who became more depressed over time became less physically active and subsequently experienced cognitive decline over the 5-year period. Conclusions: Findings have implications for prognostic detection and/or the role of physical activity interventions to buffer effects of depression on cognitive impairment among individuals diagnosed with PD. Physical interventions may potentially be implemented among depressed persons to preserve cognitive functioning. Worsened depression early during PD may be a risk factor for inactivity and cognitive diminishment.

Objective: Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to infer others' mental (Cognitive) and emotional (Affective) states, both being impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the clinical, neuropsychological, and neuropsychiatric features underlying Affective and Cognitive ToM deficits in PD are unclear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analytic study to test whether PD demographical, clinical, neuropsychological, or neuropsychiatric changes related differently to both ToM processes. Method: A systematic literature search was performed up to January 2022, including a total of 31 studies following our search terms. Data from each study were obtained from demographic (age, education), clinical (disease duration, Hoehn & Yahr staging system, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III, levodopa equivalent daily dose), neuropsychological (global cognitive functioning, memory subdomains, executive functions subdomains, processing speed/complex attention/working memory, visuospatial and constructional abilities, and language), and neuropsychiatric (depression, apathy, anxiety) variables. Results: Affective ToM impairment in PD was related to lower educational level and global cognition, deficits of generativity, decision making, attention/working memory, and language. Conversely, Cognitive ToM deficits were associated with advanced age, poorer global cognition, executive dysfunctions, and language impairments. Medication moderated the relationship between attention/working memory and Cognitive ToM, whereas age moderated the association of Affective ToM with language. No significant associations were found between ToM deficits and patients' neuropsychiatric or clinical states. Conclusions: These findings clarify the neuropsychological and clinical features that explain ToM deficits in PD. Possibly, our results suggest the need to explore the complex neural networks involving frontostriatal and temporoparietal circuits behind changes in social cognition in PD.

OBJECTIVES: To describe 3-6-month neurologic outcomes of survivors of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, invasively ventilated in the ICU.

DESIGN: A bicentric prospective study during the two first waves of the pandemic (March to May and September to December, 2020).

SETTING: Two academic hospital ICUs, Paris, France.

PATIENTS: Adult COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors, invasively ventilated in the ICU, were eligible for a neurologic consultation between 3 and 6 months post ICU discharge.

INTERVENTIONS: Follow-up by face-to-face neurologic consultation.

MEASURES AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary endpoint was favorable functional outcome defined by a modified Rankin scale score less than 2, indicating survival with no significant disability. Secondary endpoints included mild cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score < 26), ICU-acquired weakness (Medical Research Council score < 48), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression score > 7), and posttraumatic stress disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 score > 30). Of 54 eligible survivors, four non-French-speaking patients were excluded, eight patients were lost-to-follow-up, and one died during follow-up. Forty-one patients were included. Time between ICU discharge and neurologic consultation was 3.8 months (3.6-5.9 mo). A favorable functional outcome was observed in 16 patients (39%) and mild cognitive impairment in 17 of 33 patients tested (52%). ICU-acquired weakness, depression or anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder were reported in six of 37 cases (16%), eight of 31 cases (26%), and two of 27 cases (7%), respectively. Twenty-nine patients (74%) required rehabilitation (motor, cognitive, or psychologic). ICU and hospital lengths of stay, tracheostomy, and corticosteroids were negatively associated with favorable outcome. By contrast, use of alpha-2 agonists during ICU stay was associated with favorable outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation led to slight-to-severe functional disability in about 60% of survivors 4 months after ICU discharge. Cognitive impairment, muscle weakness, and psychologic symptoms were frequent. A large multicenter study is warranted to allow identification of modifiable factors for improving long-term outcome.

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to explore the extent to which nonlinguistic cognitive factors demonstrate a relationship with aphasia treatment outcomes. To that end, we conducted a scoping review to broadly characterize the state of the literature related to this topic.

Methods: Reporting guidelines from the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews were used to conduct our study, which queried two common databases used in the health science literature, PubMed and Web of Science. Search terms and eligibility criteria are provided. Results are organized by the four nonlinguistic domains of cognition explored across the included studies (i.e., attention, memory, executive functioning, and visuospatial skills).

Results: Of 949 unique articles identified from our database searches, 17 articles with 18 distinct studies were included in the final scoping review. Notably, most studies included in the scoping review targeted impairment-based aphasia treatments. Most studies also examined multiple domains of nonlinguistic cognition. A relationship between cognition and poststroke aphasia therapy outcomes was identified in nine of 15 studies addressing executive functioning, four of nine studies examining memory, four of eight studies examining visuospatial skills, and two of five studies exploring attention.

Discussion: The results among included studies were mixed, with few discernible patterns within each of the four cognitive domains, though it appears that the influence of nonlinguistic cognition may depend on the timing (i.e., immediate vs. delayed post-treatment) and type (i.e., trained vs. untrained, generalized) of aphasia therapy outcomes. Future study designs should address maintenance, by including outcome measures at follow-up, and generalization, by including measures of performance on either untrained stimuli or trained stimuli in untrained contexts. Future work should also strive for larger sample sizes, perhaps through collaborations, or prioritize replicability to produce more reliable conclusions.

Aims
Much research indicates that an individual’s personality impacts the initiation and escalation of substance use and problems in youth. The acquired-preparedness model suggests that personality influences substance use by modifying learning about substances, which then affects substance use. The current study used longitudinal data to test whether automatic cannabis-related cognitions (memory associations and outcome expectancy liking) mediate the relationship between four personality traits with later cannabis use.

Methods
The study focused on initiation of use in a sample of adolescents who had not previously used (n = 670).

Results
A structural equation model supported a full mediation effect and the hypothesis that personality affects cannabis use in youth by influencing automatic memory associations and outcome expectancy liking. Further findings from the same model also indicated a mediation effect of these cognitions in the relationship between age and cannabis use.

Conclusion
The findings of the study support the acquired-preparedness model where personality influences automatic associations in the context of dual-processing theories of substance use.

Despite speculation that highly religious individuals may be predisposed toward developing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), results regarding the relationship between religiosity and spirituality and OCD symptoms are mixed. Limitations of the literature include the use of measures with unknown psychometric properties that do not differentiate between facets of religiosity, a limited range of religious affiliations, and predominant use of undergraduate samples. The current study attempted to clarify the relationship using multidimensional measures. Seven hundred forty-six nonclinical and 24 clinical participants (with a principal diagnosis of OCD) from a wide range of religious affiliations completed questionnaires. In both samples, obsessional thinking was positively associated with scrupulosity (r = .56 and r = .73 in the nonclinical and clinical samples, respectively) but not religious fundamentalism. Compulsions were not meaningfully associated with religiosity and spirituality. Religious crisis was positively associated with scrupulosity (r = .40 and r = .73 in the nonclinical and clinical samples, respectively) and thought-action fusion (r = .26 and r = .53 in the nonclinical and clinical samples, respectively). In the clinical sample, OCD severity was negatively associated with spirituality (r = -.42). The belief that the universe is ordered and humanity is connected (universality; a facet of spirituality) significantly moderated the relationship between religiosity and moral thought-action fusion (high religiosity was only associated with high moral thought-action fusion when universality was low, explaining 18.42% of variance in the relationship). These findings suggest that religious individuals with OCD may benefit from enhancing spirituality through consultation with a religious authority or within therapy.

This study was designed to examine age effects on various auditory perceptual skills using a large group of listeners (155 adults, 121 aged 60–88 years and 34 aged 18–30 years), while controlling for the factors of hearing loss and working memory (WM). All subjects completed 3 measures of WM, 7 psychoacoustic tasks (24 conditions) and a hearing assessment. Psychophysical measures were selected to tap phenomena thought to be mediated by higher-level auditory function and included modulation detection, modulation detection interference, informational masking (IM), masking level difference (MLD), anisochrony detection, harmonic mistuning, and stream segregation. Principal-components analysis (PCA) was applied to each psychoacoustic test. For 6 of the 7 tasks, a single component represented performance across the multiple stimulus conditions well, whereas the modulation-detection interference (MDI) task required two components to do so. The effect of age was analyzed using a general linear model applied to each psychoacoustic component. Once hearing loss and WM were accounted for as covariates in the analyses, estimated marginal mean thresholds were lower for older adults on tasks based on temporal processing. When evaluated separately, hearing loss led to poorer performance on roughly 1/2 the tasks and declines in WM accounted for poorer performance on 6 of the 8 psychoacoustic components. These results make clear the need to interpret age-group differences in performance on psychoacoustic tasks in light of cognitive declines commonly associated with aging, and point to hearing loss and cognitive declines as negatively influencing auditory perceptual skills.

Véritable outil d'initiation, cet ouvrage, à jour des dernières recherches menées en psychologie cognitive, décrit précisément et de façon pédagogique les différents champs de cette discipline. Sont ainsi successivement abordés l’histoire et les grands secteurs de la psychologie cognitive, et les grands thèmes classiques de ce domaine, en s’appuyant sur des exemples issus de grandes découvertes et théories, comme la vision des couleurs, l’intelligence ou la personnalité.